tadeuS kantori - mokle biografia
”Teatri-yvelaze
mSvenieria, rameTu
igi
xelovnebasa da cxovrebas Soris mdebareobs”
tadeuS
kantori
sabWoTa
periodSi, gansakuTrebiT, misi uZraobis dros –
erT-erT evropul Teatralur centrs swored poloneTi warmoadgenda. polonuri Teatri,
romelic Teatralur
ZiebaTa
avangardSi idga, rogorc reJisuris aseve dramaturgiis TvalsazrisiT,
WeSmarit TeatralTa misabaZ da samagaliTo
adgilad iyo qceuli.
mravalmxrivi
akrZalvebis gamo, msoflio Teatraluri procesis
Tvalyuris devna polonuri Teatris saSualebiT
iyo SesaZlebeli. am periodSi poloneTSi iseve,
rogorc
sabWoTa kavSirSi, arsebobda formaluri da araformaluri avtoritetebi.
araformalurebs Soris, sadac gacilebiT
saintereso saZiebo procesebiT gamoirCeoda
Tavi
moeyaraT iseT Semoqmedebs, rogorebic arian: Saina, vaida,
grotovski da kantori.
kantoris
Sesaxeb bevri ram gavige TbilisSi da moskovSi
swavlis dros. mis xelovnebasTan Sexeba ki momiwia mxolod 1996
wels, rodesac SesaZlebloba momeca, mis Semoqmedebas gavcnobodi
krakovSi. kantori ukve eqvsi wlis gardacvlili
iyo.
1996
wels sileziis universitetSi, katovicaSi yofnis
dros, ramdenime saaTi
gavatare
krakovSi – kantoris saxl-muzeumSi, mis
biblioTekasa da video darbazSi.
pirvelad
vixile misi warmodgenebis video
versiebi, maT Soris “mkvdari klasi”
romelic TviT vaidas hqonda gadaRebuli.
“mkvdari klasi”, marTlac gansakuTrebuli
nawarmoebia, swored nawarmoebi
da ara mxolod speqtakli. igi
hefeningia, romelSic kantori mTeli warmodgenis
dros, rogorc diriJori centrSia
da Cumad xelmZRvanelobs mas. speqtaklSi
ufro Rrmadaa ganviTarebuli diuSanis
idea, yofiTi nivTebis xelovnebis obieqtebad
qcevisa. obieqti msaxiobebTan
Sexebisas jer metaforad iqceva,
xolo Semdeg metamorfozebs ganicdis. warmodgenaSi
TojinasTan erTad, adgils manikenebi ikaveben.
aq manikenebi kantoris mier mkafiod gamoxatuli,
saocari
gamometyvelebiTaa Seqmnili, romelic TviToeuli personaJis
materialur-fizikur nawils da oreuls warmoadgens.
yovelive amis Sesaxeb kantori saukunis dasawyisSi gavrcelebuli
avangarduli eniT sakmaod sainteresod gadmoscems
manifestSi “mkvdari Teatri”. gordon kregis
“msaxiobi – marionetis Teoria”, kantoris warmodgenebSi praqtikulad
iyo ganxorcielebuli. axla ufro gasagebi
gaxda adolf Sainis speqtaklebSi gamoyenebuli manikenebi,
Tojinebi, romelic jer kidev 80-iani wlebis bolos
mqonda nanaxi.
kantoris
saxlSi, mis mier Sesrulebuli grafikisa da ferweris
mudmivi eqspozicias gadaawydebiT da amasTan, aq
naxavT Zalian saintereso obieqtebs, romlis mTavari
Tema
qolgis improvizaciebia. qolga misTvis metamorfozaTa rigis
safuZvels warmoadgenda, amitom eqspoziciaSi maT
sxvadasxva ferebsa da sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi gadaawydebiT.
qolgas misi manekenebic xSirad mimarTavdnen, iseve,
rogorc skamsa da mis variaciebs.
disidenti
kantori cxovrebis bolos gaxda aRiarebuli. magram
mas aRar Seucvlia Tavisi myudro sacxovrebeli garemo,
- man Tavisi cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi wlebi
gaatara
mSvenier Zvel ubanSi, sakmaod axlos krakovis centraluri
moednidan, romelic dResac mzadaa umaspinZlos Suasaukuneebis
Teatralur formebs.
tadeuS
kantori (1915
– 1990) cnobili poloneli mxatvari, reJisori, Teoretikosi da scenografia. kantori
daibada 1915 wlis 6 aprils veliopoleSi, 1933
– 1939 wlebSi swavlobda krakovis samxatro akademiis scenografiis
fakultetze profesor friSTan. iqidan gamomdinare,
rom am periodSi germanuli bauhauzis simbolizmisa da
eqsperimentebis gavlenas ganicdida, kantori jer
kidev akademiis kedlebSi aCvenebs (mxolod erTxel) speqtakls
moris meterlinkis piesis “tentianJilis sikvdilis”
motivebze, romelSic moqmedebdnen msaxurTa marionetuli
figurebi. aq ukve gamovlinda misi miswrafeba “mxatvris
Teatrisken”. swored am mimarTulebiT ganviTarda kantoris
Semdgomi SemoqmedebiTi gza, rogorc scenografisa,
plastikuri avangardisa da reJisorisa.
permanentuli
avangardi – ase eZaxian tadeuS kantoris Semoqmedebas.
Semoqmedebis yvela etapze igi axal mxatvrul manifests
warmoadgenda.
wels
misi dabadebidan 100 weli sruldeba. da am Semoqmedis iubiles,
romelmac udidesi wvlili Seitana meoce saukunis
xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi, msoflio iuneskos
egidiT
aRniSnavs.
misi
Tavdapirveli SemoqmedebiTi ganacxadi reJisuras ukavSirdeba:
dadga da gaaforma
germanuli
okupaciis dros speqtaklebi mis
mierve Seqmnil “damoukidebel TeatrSi”:
“
baladina” i. slovacki (1942) da “odisevsis
dabruneba” s. vispianski (1943), am
speqtaklebs is konspiraciulad qmnida. “baladina”-Si
igi amkvidrebda nivTis
– sagnis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas da
adgils scenaze, romelmac masTan Sewyvita
damxmare rekvizitis funqciis Sesruleba
da gadaiqca “ arsebad, msaxiobis darad,
iqca msaxiobad! sagani – msaxiobi!”, xolo
“odisevs”-Si Semoitana gansazRvreba “umdablesi
rangis realoba”, romelic
gamoiyeneboda ara mxolod am nawarmoebis
stilistikisTvis (speqtakli sruldeboda
naxevrad dangreul oTaxSi,
realur nivTebs Soris, romlebic
amoRebuli
iyo realuri saokupacio garemodan),
aramed kantoris yvela momdevno dadgmebSi kriko
– 2-Si (ase ewodeboda mis “mxatvris Teatrs”). cota mogvianebiT
gaCnda sagnis (aRebuli “umdablesi rangis realobis” garemocvidan
anda specialurad SeTxzuli) simbiozis idea
msaxiobis figurasTan, romelic gardaiqmneba sxvadasxva
saxis “bio-obieqtebSi” (kantoris gansazRvrebiT): magaliTad
adamiani TojiniT (marionetiT), romliTac
man sakuTari Tavi warmoadgina saskolo asakSi, anda adamiani
karebiT, skamiT, da a.S. rogorc erTiani sceniuri saxe-xateba. omis
Semdeg man mTeli rigi avangarduli scenografia moamzada
sxvadasxva TeatrSi (ZiriTadad krakovis “stari” TeatrSi).
kantoris scenografia saerTaSorisod iyo aRiarebuli, Tumca,
msoflio triumfi am Semoqmeds mainc, mis mier
1955 wels daarsebulma Teatrma “kriko-2” -ma moutana (es
Teatri Seiqmna, rogorc 30-iani wlebis avangarduli Teatri
“kriko”s gagrZeleba). 60-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi kantori Sordeba “oficialur” Teatrs.
1961 wlidan daiwyo axali etapi, romelsac kantori “informel
Teatrs” uwodebda. mis mier inscenirebuli stanislav
ignati vitkeviCis ”patara karmidamoSi” gadaiqca ”informel
Teatris” namdvil manifestad. am periodSi kantori zeTSi
qmnis mraval namuSevars lirikuli abstraqciis stilSi.
igi gaxldaT erTerTi yvelaze ufro radikaluri araformaluri xelovnebis gamtarebeli
evropaSi. 1969 wels
“kriko-2” namdvil sensaciad iqca Tanamedrove xelovnebis festivalze
- Premio
Roma (amis
Semdeg kantori miiwvies londonsa
da parizSi gastrolebze 1974 wels).
kriko
2-is Seqmna kantorma mxolod 1950-iani wlebis Sua wlebSi
moaxerxa, maSin, rodesac poloneTSi politikuri “daTboba”
daiwyo. “siurealizmis” esTetikis oficialuri batonobis
periodSi, mas saSualeba hqonda, emuSava mxolod
saxelmwifo scenebze da mxolod, rogorc scenografs (am
sferoSic mxatvris Teatrisken avlenda miswrafebebs), xolo
imavdroulad, ki is atarebda eqsperimentebs ferweraSi
Tavis saxelosnoSi. mWidro kavSiri vizualur
da scenur Semoqmedebas Soris - swored amiT xasiaTdeboda
kantoris xelovneba.
SemdgomSic,
yoveli speqtakli ciklidan “TamaSi vitkeviCTan” (vitkeviCis
piesebis motivebze) iqceoda plastikuri avangardis
ama Tu im mimarTulebis xorcSesxmad,
romelic
paralelirad gardaiqmneboda mxatvris mier mis vizualur
SemoqmedebaSic. monawileobas iRebda gamofenebSi misi
obieqtebis formiT, instalaciebiT da aqcia hefeningebiT da
performansebiT, aseve yalibdeboda mis manifestebSic. magaliTad
speqtaklebSi: “patara karmidamo” (1961),
es kantoris terminologiiT aris ”teatr informeli” (anu
“uformo”), “SeSlili da monazoni” (1963) aris “nulovani Teatri”,
“wylis qaTami” (1967) aris “hefeningebis Teatri”,
“lamazmanebi da gonjebi” (1972)
ki
aris “SeuZlebeli Teatri”. “informel Teatris”
Semdeg gaCnda “nulovani Teatri”
dadgmasTan
“SeSlili da monazonTan“ erTad
stanislav vitkeviCis nawarmoebis mixedviT.
piesaSi movlenebi, teqsti da moqmedeba
TiTqmis nulamde iyo dayvanili. moxda
msaxiobis “neitralizacia”. swored
aqedan warmoiSva saxelwodeba
“nulovani
Teatri”, romlisganac ukve TiTqmis
erTi nabiji iyo hefeningamde. 1965
wels kantori amerikas estumra, sadac xvdeba
hefeningebis Semqmnelebs. mokle drois
ganmavlobaSi qmnis aTze met hefenings,
rogorc poloneTSi, aseve sazRvargareT. maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia “krikotaJi”
( varSava, 1965).
pirveli
polonuri hefeningebi gaxldaT: “werili”
(varSava, 1967), “anatomiis gakveTili
rembrandtis mixedviT”, romelic ganxorcielda niurbergSi
(1968), varSavaSi (1969), durdaneSi parizis maxloblad
(1971), osloSi (1971). hefeningis Teatris morig dadgmas
warmoadgenda kantoris “wylis qaTami” (1967), stanislav
i. vitkeviCis nawarmoebis mixedviT. 1970 wels kantori
warmoadgens morig manifests – 70. “ es manifesti –
ambobda igi – nulovani Teatris gagrZelebaa, uaris Tqma
eqspresiaze da aqedan gamomdinareobs yvela Sedegi”. am
manifestis principebi kantorma ganaxorciela osloSi saxviTi
xelovnebis saSualebiT. manifestTan aseve iyo dakavSirebuli Teatr
“kriko-2”-is speqtakli “lamazmanebi da
anTari”. dadgmis qargas warmoadgenda vitkeviCis piesa “lamazmanebi
da anTari anu mwvane abi, komedia gvamebiT or moqmedebad
da sam suraTad”. amis
Semdeg kantorma “kriko-2”-Si dadga “mkvdari klasi”, romelic
gadaiqca mis saukeTeso da yvelaze mniSvnelovan speqtaklad,
romelmac msoflio warmateba moutana.
“mkvdari klasis” premiera, romelsac kantorma “seansi”
uwoda, Sedga 1975 wels, krakovSi. axali programa man
Camoayaliba manifestSi, romelic daasaTaura, rogorc “sikvdilis
Teatri” da mis Seqmnas Cvidmeti weli moandoma.
kantori
iyenebs sinTezirebuli saxiT 20-iani da 30-iani wlebis
avangardis miRwevebs, xolo amasTan erTad, igi emijneba Tanamedrove
avangardis mraval miuRebel lozungs.
erTi
SexedviT es speqtakli Sesrulebulia tradiciuli Teatris
stilSi, scena gamoyofilia mayurebelTa darbazisgan, magram
amave dros kantori warmoadgens msaxiobisa da
manekenebis gansakuTrebul funqcias, romlebsac sikvdilis mowmeebis
roli akisriaT. xandaxan warmoiTqmeba frazaTa
nawyvetebi vitkeviCis “tumora mozgoviCi”- dan. aqve
Cndeba pirvelad kantoris Teatralur moRvaweobaSi bruno
Sulci – avtori nawarmoebebisa “dariCinis duqani” da
“traqtati manikenebze”, masve ekuTvnis “pensioneri”, - moTxroba
moxucze, romelic skolaSi moswavled dabrunda. sami
erTianobis gageba: moqmedeba – sibere – sikvdili, speqtaklis
konstruqciis safuZvelSi devs. aqve SeiZleba moiZebnos
vitolt gombroviCis piesaTa gamoZaxili, misi saskolo
suraTebisa. es sami avtori kantoris literaturuli STagonebis
wyaros warmoadgenda, igi maT Semoqmedebaze iyo
aRzrdili.
kantoris
Semoqmedebis daskvniT periods warmoadgenda –
cikli saerTo saxelwodebiT “sikvdilis Teatri”, romlis
yvela personaJi ukve cxovrebidan wasulia – gardacvlilia da
axla saiqiodan arian gamoZaxebuli scenaze, reJisoris
warmosaxvis mier. am ciklma gaaerTiana xuTi
warmodgena: “mkvdari klasi”, (1975), “veliopole, veliopole”, (1980),
“msaxiobebi unda CaZaRldnen” (1985), “me aq
aRarasodes davbrundebi” (1988) da “dRes Cemi dabadebis dRea”
(1990). yvela es speqtakli iqmneboda ukve ara rogorc plastikuri
avangardis (rasac principSi
warmoadgenda”TamaSi vitkeviCTan”)
Teatraluri
xorcSesxma, aramed rogorc
fantaziebi Tavad mxatvris boigrafiis
Temaze
(“personaluri aRsarebebi” missive
sityvebiT), mis axloblebze, aseve
XX saukunis totalitaruli reJimis
periodis xelovnebaze. am ciklis yoveli
nawarmoebi warmoadgenda aqtiorTa
figurebisgan Semdgar rTul kompozicias, bio-obieqtebs
da nivTebs “umdablesi realobidan”.
udramatulesi iyo ara mxolod
maTi vizualuri SinaarsiT aramed verbaluri
da musikaluri struqturiTac, romelic
yalibdeboda kantoris mier,
polonel mweralTa teqstebisa da bibliis,
gafantuli replikebisa da frazebis, locvebisa
da wamRerebebis, Zveli tangoebis,
valsebis da marSebis JReradobis safuZvelze.
yvela speqtaklSi scenaze msaxiobebis gverdiT
(adamianebis gamosaxva, saxeeebi, romelnic ibadeboda mxatvris
mexsierebasa da warmosaxvaSi) igi Tavad Cndeboda, -
erTaderTi realuri da cocxali arseba am samyaroSi.
igi
Tvalyurs adevnebda mimdinare moqmedebas, Sehqonda
koreqtivebi da iyo utyvi (anda, warmosTqvamda sityvebs
Tavisive teqstidan radios saSualebiT), magram mTavari
personaJi nebismieri sceniuri “aRsarebisa”. speqtakls
“veliopole, veliopole”, romelic “mkvdari klasis”
xuTi wlis Tavze momzadda, SesaZlebelia,
vuwodoT
avtobiografiuli nawarmoebi. kantori mimarTavs
poloneTis istoriul movlenebs, maT Soris pirvel da
meore msoflio omebs, sakuTar axalgazrdobas. veliopole –
es misi dabadebis adgilia. speqtaklSi “msaxiobebi unda
CaZaRldnen” kantoris azriT, “mTavari TumcaRa ar
dasaxelebuli da ar Setanili moqmed pirTa siaSi gaxlavT
dro”. mis erTerT ukanasknel speqtaklSi “aq me aRarasodes
davbrundebi”, kantori TiTqosda ajamebs Tavisi eqsperimentebis
mravalwlian gamocdilebas Teatraluri Semoqmedebis
sferoSi. es speqtakli aseve warmoadgens
saavtoro
Teatris magaliTs, Seqmnils xelovanis mier, romelic
muSaobs ra koleqtivTan erTad, amasTanave, qmnis nawarmoebs
sakuTar Tavze. sxvadasxva yvelaze gansxvavebul tendenciaTa
erT mTlianobaSi gaerTianeba da amave dros
piraduli elferis, individualuri xasiaTis micema TadeuS
kantoris Teatris namdvil arss gansazRvravs. “dRes
Cemi dabadebis dRea” – udidesi xelovanis bolo speqtaklia,
romlis premierasac igi veRar moeswro. mas
Semdeg rac sceniur aRiarebas miaRwia (poloneli didostatis
speqtaklebma moiares, didi saerTaSoriso festivalebi
praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi garda sabWoTa
kavSirisa), kantoris mier pirvelad XX saukuneSi Seqmnilma mxatvris
Teatrma Sewyvita Tavis arseboba Tavad avtoris
am cxovrebidan wasvlasTan erTad. misgan dagvrCa mxolod
videoCanawerebi (maT Soris specialurad gadaRebuli anJei
vaidas mier filmi “mkvdari klasi”), romelic vrcel
saxviT masalasTan da xelovanis literaturul SemoqmedebasTan
erTad inaxeba misi muzeumis - krakovis krikotekis
arqivSi.
igi
gardaicvala 1990 wlis 7 dekembers qalaq krakovSi speqtakl
“dRes Cemi dabadebis dRea”-s bolo repeticiis dros. patris
pavi spontanur Teatrze saubris dros Teatralur leqsikonSi
moixseniebs kantors. igi aRniSnavs spontanuri (anda
avtonomiuri n. evreinovis da mogvianebiT kan
ლევან ხეთაგური //წიგნიდან ტადეუშ
კანტორი, სათეატრო მემკვიდრეობა, თბილისი 2015
